On the eve of international Workers’ Memorial Day (4/28), Ken Ward of the Charleston Gazette displays again his journalist acumen, particularly on health and safety issues for workers. Thirty years ago today, at the construction of the cooling towers at the Pleasants Power Station at Willow Island, West Virginia, workers were hoisting up a massive bucket of concrete. As Ward writes:
“The cable hoisting that bucket of concrete went slack. The crane that was pulling it up fell toward the inside of the tower. Scaffolding followed. The previous day’s concrete, Lift 28, started to collapse. Concrete began to unwrap off the top of the tower. First it peeled counter-clockwise, and then in both directions. A mess of concrete, wooden forms and metal scaffolding crumbled to the ground. 51 construction workers were on the scaffold at the time. They all plunged to their deaths.”
“Thirty years later, the Willow Island disaster is still considered the worst construction accident in U.S. history.”
As we’ve learned (or maybe not) from other preventable workplace deaths and disabilities, the cause is often more than one factor. Willow Island was no different. Ward writes:
“..a mix of safety lapses combined to bring the tower crashing down. Concrete in the previous day’s lift hadn’t hardened enough to hold the scaffolding. Key bolts meant to attach the scaffolding to the tower were missing. An elaborate concrete hoisting system was modified without proper engineering review. Contractors were rushing to speed construction, perhaps overlooking important safety measures along the way.”
“‘There were redundant features here that, if they had corrected them, this wouldn’t have happened,’ said Stan Elliott, who was then and is now the area director for OSHA.  ‘If they had put the bolts in, it probably wouldn’t have happened.  If they had let the concrete cure, it probably wouldn’t have happened. But when you put all of these things together all on the same day at the same time, this is what happened.'”
Ward’s article could not be more timely or relevant for Workers’ Memorial Day because it highlights issues that still exists today, 30 years after the Willow Island disaster:
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Inadequate penalties: OSHA cited the Willow Island contractors for 10 willful and 10 serious violations, and proposed a penalty of $108,300. OSHA and the contractor agree to settle the case for $85,500, or about $1,700 per dead worker.
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No criminal sanctions: OSHA referred the case for a possible criminal investigation (under Section 17(e) of the OSH Act) to the U.S. Department of Justice, for a criminal investigation. No charges were ever filed.
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Blame the workers: The contractor, United Engineers and Constructors Inc., hired a consulting firm to discredit OSHA’s evidence that the concrete has not been properly cured which was a major contributor to the disaster. The consultants said “the problems originated due to lack of understanding of the scaffold system by the workers, and also due to its systematic misuse. Lack of technical and management supervision was also an underlying cause to this collapse.”
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Ignoring previous warning signs: Information gathered by Public Citizen’s Health Research Group suggested that an OSHA inspector warned that the scaffolding used on the tower would not hold the intended load, and that the single (only) temporary stairs would not suffice is workers needed to exit the scaffolding in an emergency.
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 Disconnect between in-lab performance and real-world application: Ward writes:“…the entire scaffolding and crane system was based on elaborate geometry. Each crane had to be located at a certain spot at the top of the tower, and each bucket loaded and hoisted from another certain spot on the ground. If everything was placed just right, the angles lined up to give the system enough strength. If the angles were off, the strength just wasn’t there. Elliott said OSHA discovered that, to cut corners on construction time, management and workers were loading concrete from different spots. The angles were wrong, weakening the entire system. ‘The concept was wonderful, but the implementation left something to be desired,” Elliott said.”
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Special investigation: Six months after the disaster, then Governor of WV, John “Jay” Rockefeller, created the Gov’s Commission on Willow Island to “conduct a comprehensive and detailed investigation into the collapse, evaluate the facts and circumstances surrounding the collapse and determine, if possible, the cause or causes.” Ward writes that much of the report criticized OSHA:
“Commission members were furious that OSHA officials would not answer their questions, citing the federal criminal probe. They were especially upset that OSHA would not inspect all other cooling tower projects, and assure the public no repeats of Willow Island would ever happen. The commission report did discuss one option for West Virginia officials unhappy with OSHA’s performance: Create their own state workplace safety program.”
“In the 27 years since, there has been little, if any, talk of West Virginia forming its own workplace safety agency. And, West Virginia remains one of 26 states without a public employee OSHA program. [Thanks Ken Ward for reminding Gazette readers of this fact; I fear many do not know it.]
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Dangerously slow rulemaking process: It was more than 7 years after the Willow Island disaster when OSHA proposed rules to protect workers during poured-concrete construction projects, but it took another disaster in Bridgeport, Connecticut (which killed 28 workers) before the OSHA moved to finalize the rules.  Ward reminds us that the L’Ambiance Plaza disaster on April 23, 1987, occurred four days short of the 10-year anniversary of Willow Island. The final OSHA rule on concrete and masonry construction was issued in June 1988, and improved scaffolding rules, not until 1990.
Read all of Ken Ward’s series “Willow Island Revisted” and send an email to the city editor at the Charleston Gazette. Robert J. Byers robbyers@wvgazette.com or the publisher Betty Chilton
echilton@wvgazette.com to let them know you appreciate Ken’s reporting. (I bet they hear plenty from industry and government types who don’t like his dogged reporting; time for them to hear from those of us who DO appreciate his talents.)
On this day reserved to remember those who die on-the-job, and those who are made ill, injured or otherwise disabled by their work, send a letter to your Members of Congress telling them to support the OSHA improvement legislation (S1244 and HR 2049) and the S-MINER Act (HR 2768). The OSHA related bills include provisions to increase criminal penalties, improve protections for whistleblowers and creating rights for family-member victims of workplace fatalities.
Celeste Monforton, MPH is with the Project on Scientific Knowlege and Public Policy (SKAPP). She worked for 11 years at OSHA (1991-1995) and MSHA (1996-2001).
I enjoy reading your article! I worked for United Engineers,
at the time, I saw and helped dig out Men that Black Day. I was one of three that IDENTIFYED the Bodys of, every, single, Man!
We had to find three Pices of ID in their Wallet!
Once that was done, We took off their Boot and
Put a Tag on their Big Toe with their Name on it.
I will never forget that day, Digging out those
Men, But the Main thing that still gets to me, was,
watching the Wives, Mothers, Brothers, Sisters,
and worst of all was watching the Kids! Their Dad
was dead! That quick, their family was missing a
Member, the Father!! They were in shock and didn’t know it!
I can still rember every detail of that day,
and I thank about it all the time.
I have never talked about it to anyone, thay just don’t understand what it was like that day!!
It is A day I will never forget, and I will take that memory to the Grave with ME !!!!!!
I remember that day , even though I was only 14, I remember the day all to well. My father had missed being on the tower because he was called home from work because I had an accident and they were taking me to the hospital. Had my mother not called him to come home that day he would have been killed in the accident. He came to Wirt County to the house and drove us back to the hospital and on the way to the hospital they announced the accident. He couldn’t believe it, he had just been there. He dropped us off at the hospital and went back up to the plant, where he had to help get the people out and help identify them. I felt so bad for my father. We should get our families together at the city park, of all the survivors and the families who lost love ones. I will always remember that day.
Thank you for this information. Much of it I did not know. I was 16 when my father was killed at Willow Island, now 32 years ago. What devastating loss. So many families lost so much! It’s still devastating today, it changed my life and me forever as I know it did all the families and everyone involved as the gentleman above wrote.
Like Joella’s Father above, my Father was there by a twist of fate that day. He wasn’t feeling well in the morning and normally, given that, wouldn’t have gone in to work but decided to go ahead and go in that day.
It still hurts so much even all these years later and the recent mining tragedy brings it home once again.
Wishing blessings, comfort and peace to all.
Jeannah Swick Haber
This was a very dark day for my family. I was only 5 when I lost so many, but I still remember that day like it was yesterday. I lost my dad and 10 other relatives to this horrible and unnecessary accident. If only the company would have listened when so many told them the concrete was still green, then I would still have my loved ones. Every year I think of this and those we lost. Thanks for the article. There is a lot I would like to say, but feel it’s not right to say on the web. Thanks so much again. I appreciate the chance to read others thoughts on this day.
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I worked at the plant 1 year after the incident. Anotehr interesting aspect is the financial results of the civil court case.
The case was heard by a judge with no jury. Prior tothe judge’s decison, the stock of Research Cottrell had dropped from $80/share prior to the accident to 80 cents/share prior to the judge’s ruling. After teh judge ruled Research Cottrell had zero repsonsibility and only the local subcontractor was liable, the stock increased from $0.80/share to $80. 00 share in one day. I often wondered if the judge had bought any stock prior to his ruling.