My colleague Celeste Monforton has just posted a new case study at DefendingScience.org, and itâs worth a read for anyone interested in industry attempts to bury information about productsâ potential harmful effects.
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is a private, not-for-profit, professional organization for practitioners in the field of workplace and environmental health and safety. Since 1946, ACGIH committees have studied substances to which workers are exposed and recommended Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), which are akin to exposure limits.
The reason ACGIH has come under fire is basically that it has filled a void left by OSHA inactivity â and some industries would rather see that void be left empty.
When the Occupational Safety and Health Act was signed in December 1970, it provided the Secretary of Labor with the authority to adopt any ânational consensus standardsâ or âfederal standardsâ for its start-up standards without going through the formal rulemaking process, and set a two-year deadline for the task. By June 1971, OSHA had adopted more than 400 workplace exposure limits for chemical substances, and most of them were based on ACGIH TLVs. While some public health advocates criticized the move, asserting that ACGIHâs process was excessively influenced by industry-employed industrial hygienists, it probably would have been difficult to set exposure limits for so many chemicals through any other mechanism.
In 1989, OSHA once again tried to use ACGIHâs extensive and ongoing TLV work to update exposure limits for more than 400 substances as part of its final air contaminants rule. This time, they werenât so successful. Monforton writes:
Despite the Department of Labor’s satisfaction with the rule, both labor and industry groups challenged it in the U.S. Court of Appeals, with one side arguing the rules did not protect workers enough, and the other claiming the streamlined process was illegal. The Court was convinced by the arguments and in July 1992 vacated OSHAâs air contaminants rule. The Court instructed the agency of its obligation to make a risk and feasibility finding for each of the 428 substances, something that OSHA had not done in the rule. As a result of this court decision and OSHAâs unwillingness to engage in a follow-up rulemaking, nearly all of the OSHA exposure limits on the books still date back to 1968.
Although this attempt to adopt updated ACGIH TLVs ultimately failed, OSHA did succeed in making TLV information available to workers. OSHAâs 1983 Hazard Communication (HazCom) rule requires that chemical manufacturers make available Material Safety Data Sheets on the chemicals they produce. These MSDSs must include any OSHA permissible exposure limit and ACGIH TLV on the substance, and must state whether the chemical is listed in the National Toxicology Programâs Report on Carcinogens or is designated a potential carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
For nearly 20 years, industry groups did not seem to have any problem with the inclusion of ACGIH TLVs on MSDSs. Then, in 2000, companies that use and manufacture substances for which the ACGIH was developing TLVs began challenging ACGIH and the Department of Labor. In courts and in House committee hearings, industry attorneys advocated for removing TLVs from MSDSs â and, in some cases, for stopping ACGIH from issuing certain TLVs altogether.
The presence of ACGIH TLVs on MSDSs does not constitute any kind of regulation â employers are under no obligation to reduce worker exposures to the TLV level. The companiesâ problem, then, must be that workers may want employers to reduce exposure to the level recommended by the ACGIH. Theyâd evidently rather spend their money suing ACGIH, which does not have such deep pockets and has had to set up a legal defense fund, than following its recommendations.
To learn about the substances companies are fighting to keep TLV-free, the Congressman who declared war on the ACGIH, and some out-on-a-limb legal arguments, read the whole case study.
Liz Borkowski works for the Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy at George Washington University’s School of Public Health and Health Services.
Have you ever asked why the Hazard Communication Standard doesn’t require the NIOSH REL to be disclosed, only the ACGIH TLV? Remember who was president in 1983. The TLV’s are there because the TLV’s were thought to be less aggressive than the REL’s. As an eye and ear witness to the Hazcom proceeds, I’m sure that’s true, question is what is my evidence? NIOSH pretty much gave up setting REL’s, and frankly the REL’s aren’t much better than the then TLV’s and in some cases are not as protective as the now TLV’s.
Why are TLV’s are now being attacked? During the PEL update, TLV’s were correctly criticized for allowing exposures where workers would get sick. Some were clearly above an effect level. Some were at a “no observed effect level” which modern risk assessment approaches would assume a significant risk. These problems were attributed to participation by persons employed by management, although the problem was likely deeper than that. The ACGIH changed its procedures, although persons employed by management still participate. Probably more important is advancement in thinking regarding risk assessment.
Bottom line is there are now a modest but meaningful number of TLV’s which would really make a difference. The most prominent are silica, at 25 mcg v. OSHA’s 100, and CO at 25 ppm v. OSHA’s 50.