A lot of people who care about the high rates of uninsurance in the U.S. do so because it just seems wrong that the wealthiest country in the world leaves a large swath of its population without healthcare â and, thus, facing employment difficulties, financial ruin, years of unnecessary pain or disability, and an overall impediment to pursuing the American Dream.
If youâre an unpopular president with a bizarre sense of what fiscal responsibility means, this argument might not convince you. Even if it doesnât, you should still try to bring the rate of uninsurance toward zero out of sheer self-interest. Thatâs because even those of us with good health insurance plans get worse healthcare when our neighbors are uninsured.
At a presentation on Tuesday Dr. Arthur Kellermann, an emergency-room doctor and professor of emergency medicine at Emory School of Medicine, explained how high rates of uninsurance affect communitiesâ health in several ways.
In addition to his ER expertise, Dr. Kellermann co-chaired the Institute of Medicine Committee on the Consequences of Uninsurance from 2001 â 2004, and heâs a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Health Policy Fellow. He spoke on Tuesday at the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Policy, and Kaisernetwork.org has made a webcast available.
Hospitals Struggle
Anyone whoâs been following the issue of U.S. healthcare probably knows that high rates of uninsurance translate into higher costs for the insured. Unpaid bills from those without insurance (or without enough of it) drain hospitalsâ resources, and they respond by raising prices for their insured patients. Even so, many hospitals are struggling to stay afloat. Kellermann works at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, and reports that itâs within about two months of running out of all financial resources. Being able to afford care wonât do you much good if thereâs no hospital around to provide it.
A financially stretched hospital is a tough environment for doctors as well as patients. Kellermann reported that communities with high rates of uninsurance have a harder time recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals, and specialist doctors in those areas are less likely to take ER call. (If thereâs no neurosurgeon on call when you show up at the ER needing emergency brain surgery, youâll have to be transported to another hospital, and the delay could result in lifelong disability.) Some hospitals have eliminated services with high rates of uncompensated care, such as burn units, trauma care, and neonatal intensive care.
Even if the ER has the right providers on call when you show up, that doesnât mean youâll get seen quickly. Ambulances are regularly diverted from full ERs, and patients who arrive by other means often spend hours in a waiting room before seeing a doctor. Kellermann emphasized that this is not the result of uninsured people using the ER inappropriately; in other words, itâs not because people without insurance are coming with ear infections and clogging the system. The problem, he said, is that there arenât enough beds in the ER â and thatâs exactly how hospitals want it.
Hospitals want to keep their beds full, preferably with a high percentage of elective patients. Elective admissions are better for hospitals than emergency admissions because they pay higher margins and keep referring doctors happy, Kellermann said. If there arenât enough beds for patients coming in for scheduled procedures, doctors will get tired of scheduling hassles and refer their patients elsewhere. If there arenât enough beds in the ER, the patients have to go somewhere else (and those hospitals that have free ER beds will end up with the diverted patients). Most of the patients clogging the emergency rooms, Kellermann told us, have actually been stabilized already; theyâre still there because theyâre waiting for inpatient beds.
Viruses Donât Care if Youâre Insured
Keeping lots of patients crowded into an ER is a great way to spread disease. Kellermann told us of a case in Toronto, a young man with pneumonia who spent the night on an emergency department stretcher while waiting for an inpatient bed. It turned out that he had SARS, and infected the two patients adjoining him in the ED and several staff members. Investigators later identified 128 SARS cases â 17 of whom died â in the outbreak associated with that hospital.
When such an outbreak occurs, having a good public health system can limit the diseaseâs toll. Kellermann pointed out that in addition to leaving hospitals overstretched, high rates of uninsurance can also weaken local health departments, who may be forced to divert resources from things like disease control and disaster preparedness to fund primary care clinics. Your health insurance will not protect you from the viruses (and other kinds of bugs) circulating in your community â but a strong public health system can improve your chances of avoiding food-borne illness, influenza, TB, and the many other diseases we have to worry about. Such systems canât be purchased on the individual market.
Recommendations
Kellermann did not endorse a particular plan for extending health coverage, though he cited several that have been proposed. He did say that care should be universal, continuous, affordable, and sustainable, and that âhealth insurance should enhance health and wellbeing by promoting access to high-quality care.â
For more details, watch the address at Kaisernetwork.org, or check out the 2003 IOM report A Shared Destiny: Community Effects of Uninsurance. And remember these points the next time you or someone youâre listening to suggests that those with insurance donât need to worry about the uninsured.
Liz Borkowski works for the Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (SKAPP) at George Washington Universityâs School of Public Health and Health Services.
Uninsurance isn’t the problem in America. Insurance is. You have the least cost effective health system in the world and one of the least absoltely effective health systems in the developed world and the reason is insurance.
Why is it so hard for Americans discuss public-good healthcare as the more socially just and more importantly more cost-effective approach?
Yes, we have a terrible health system compared to other wealthy countries – but it wonât change as long as people who have health insurance think that they themselves are doing okay.
There are lots of us advocating for a healthcare system thatâs more just and cost-effective. But those who benefit from the current system are willing and able to spend millions of dollars to scare the public and politicians into opposing any major changes. A critical mass of the public needs to realize that the current system is unworkable and facing complete collapse, and weâre not there yet.
Those opposed to solving the insurance problem are doing a very good job of framing the idea as socialist; but those of our policy makers who understand that the best way to sell the idea is on economics and capitalism. The small business owners are the least able to pay for premiums for themselves, and then adding in the cost of sharing coverage with employees makes health insurance prohibitive.
I don’t mean to be insensitive to the needs of the people affected by the failure of Congress to override the president on the S-CHiP extension; but perhaps it will be another event which will kick into gear a more serious discussion of the need for universal coverage, single-payer, etc.
Our plans are too gimmicky, too hard to understand, and health care decisions are being made by bureaucrats. And we still find ourselves, those of us who have insurance, paying doughnut holes or gaps between our health savings plans and where our insurance kicks back in.
As far as the consequences of events like the SCHIP veto, Dr. Kellermann suggested that if we keep letting things go as they are, widespread hospital closures will tip the balance – basically, our system will have collapsed, so we’ll be forced to come up with something to replace it.